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.1 (March 2002): 63 64.4.Shaw, Attitudes of the British Political Elite towards the Soviet Union, 70.5.Michiko Kakutani, All the President s Books, New York Times, May 11,2006, E1.6.Margaret G.Hermann and Joe D.Hagan, International Decision Making:Leadership Matters, Foreign Policy, Spring 1988, 126.7.Hermann and Hagan, International Decision Making, 135.8.Patrick J.Haney, The Submarines of September: The Nixon Administrationand a Soviet Submarine Base in Cuba, Pew Case Studies in International Affairs, no.372 (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University School of Public Service, 1996).9.Haney, Submarines of September, 3.10.Kenneth Waltz, Man, the State, and War (New York: Columbia UniversityPress, 1959), chaps.2 and 3; Jerel Rosati, A Cognitive Approach to the Study ofForeign Policy, in Foreign Policy Analysis: Continuity and Change in Its Second Gen-eration, ed.Laura Neack, Jeanne A.K.Hey, and Patrick J.Haney (EnglewoodCliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1995), 51.11.Robert L.Jervis, Hypotheses on Misperception, World Politics (April1968); reprinted in American Foreign Policy: Theoretical Essays, ed.G.J.Ikenberry(Glenview, Ill.: Scott, Foresman, 1989), 461.12.Jervis, Hypotheses on Misperception, 462.13.Irving L.Janis, Crucial Decisions (New York: Free Press, 1989); Groupthink: Psy-chological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1982).14.Kakutani, All the President s Books. 15.Rosati, A Cognitive Approach, 50. 196 Notes to Pages 53 5916.Jerel Rosati, The Power of Human Cognition in the Study of World Poli-tics, International Studies Review 2, no.3 (Autumn 2001): 50.17.For an elaboration on five stereotypical images of outside actors, seeRichard K.Herrmann and Michael P.Fischerkeller, Beyond the Enemy Imageand Spiral Model: Cognitive-Strategic Research after the Cold War, InternationalOrganization 49, no.2 (1995): 415 50.18.Ole R.Holsti, Cognitive Dynamics and Images of the Enemy: Dulles andRussia, in Image and Reality in World Politics, ed.John C.Farrell and Asa P.Smith(New York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 17, as discussed in Rosati, A Cog-nitive Approach, 55.19.Kakutani, All the President s Books. See also Richard A.Clarke, AgainstAll Enemies: Inside America s War on Terror (New York: Free Press, 2004).20.Kakutani, All the President s Books. 21.Jack S.Levy, Learning and Foreign Policy: Sweeping a Conceptual Mine-field, International Organization 48, no.2 (1994): 283.22.Janice Gross Stein, Political Learning by Doing: Gorbachev as Uncommit-ted Thinker and Motivated Learner, International Organization 48, no.2 (1994):172.23.Stein, Political Learning, 172.24.Matthew S.Hirshberg, The Self-Perpetuating National Self-Image: Cogni-tive Biases in Perceptions of International Interventions, Political Psychology 14,no.1 (1993): 80.25.Hirshberg, Self-Perpetuating National Self-Image, 85.26.Hirshberg, Self-Perpetuating National Self-Image, 91.27.Office of the Press Secretary, President Outlines Steps to Help Iraq AchieveDemocracy and Freedom, Remarks by the President on Iraq and the War on Ter-ror, United States Army War College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, May 24, 2004.28.Office of the Press Secretary, President Commemorates Veterans Day, Dis-cusses War on Terror, Tobyhanna Army Depot, Tobyhanna, Pennsylvania, No-vember 11, 2005.29.Office of the Press Secretary, President Participates in Discussion on Waron Terror, Kentucky International Convention Center, Louisville, Kentucky, Jan-uary 11, 2006.30.Keith Shimko, Foreign Policy Metaphors: Falling Dominoes and DrugWars, in Neack, Hey, and Haney, Foreign Policy Analysis, 73.31.Phil Reeves, Sharon Appeals to America Not to Appease Arabs, Inde-pendent (London), October 5, 2001, 15; Alan Sipress and Lee Hockstader, SharonSpeech Riles US, Washington Post, October 6, 2001, A1.32.Reeves, Sharon Appeals to America, A1.33.Allison Astorino-Courtois, The Cognitive Structure of Decision-makingand the Course of Arab-Israeli Relations, 1970 1978, Journal of Conflict Resolution39, no.3 (1995): 420.34.Peter Suedfeld, Michael D.Wallace, and Kimberly L.Thachuk, Changes inIntegrative Complexity among Middle East Leaders during the Persian Gulf Cri-sis, Journal of Social Issues 49, no.4 (1993): 183 84.See also Philip E.Tetlock, In-tegrative Complexity of American and Soviet Foreign Policy Rhetoric: A Time-Series Analysis, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 49 (1985): 165 85. Notes to Pages 59 67 19735.Astorino-Courtois, Cognitive Structure of Decision-making, 420; StephenG.Walker and George L.Watson, Integrative Complexity and British Decisionsduring the Munich and Polish Crises, Journal of Conflict Resolution 38, no.1 (1994):3 23.36.Astorino-Courtois, Cognitive Structure of Decision-making, 421.37.Scott Crichlow, Idealism or Pragmatism? An Operational Code Analysis ofYitzak Rabin and Shimon Peres, Political Psychology 19, no.4 (1998): 684.38
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