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.17.David Donald, Died of Democracy, in Why the North Won the Civil War, ed.David Donald (New York: Collier, 1960), 79 90.See also Owsley, State Rights in theConfederacy, chaps.1 and 2.18.See Woodworth, Davis and Lee at War, and William C.Davis, Lee and Jef-ferson Davis, in Gallagher, Lee the Soldier, 291 305.The Lee-Davis relationship hasbeen cited as a model of how a military leader should interact with civilian authority.See Frederick Maurice, Governments and War: A Study of the Conduct of War (London:William Heinemann, 1926).19.Palmer, Lee Moves North, 49 55.20.Most authors have concluded that Davis and Lee were in basic agreementand formed a powerful team. See McPherson, Was the Best Defense a GoodOffense? 156 76, and the other works cited there.But Woodworth and EmoryThomas disagree and are persuaded that Davis did in fact favor a defensive strategywhile Lee was the risk taker.See Woodworth, Davis and Lee at War, chap.6, andEmory Thomas, Ambivalent Visions of Victory: Davis, Lee and Confederate GrandStrategy, in Jefferson Davis s Generals, ed.Gabor Boritt (New York: Oxford Univer- 170 notes to pages 11 19sity Press, 1999), 27 45.Woodworth argues that Lee may have been less than frankabout his intentions in the Gettysburg campaign, since Davis later seemed surprisedthat Lee showed no concern over guarding his supply or communications links aftercrossing the Potomac.This seems to be a matter of nuance, not real disagreement.21.See Thomas Schott, Alexander Stephens of Georgia (Baton Rouge: LouisianaState University Press, 1988), 176 79.22.Thomas, Ambivalent Visions of Victory, 31, describes Lee s goal as a battleof annihilation. Peter Carmichael has also examined the question in Lee s Questfor the Battle of Annihilation, North and South 3, no.5 (2000): 53 59.23.Douglas Southall Freeman, R.E.Lee: A Biography, 4 vols.(New York: Scrib-ner s, 1934), 3:57 59.Longstreet s contributions to the postmortems on Gettysburgare discussed in a later chapter.24.See Postwar Account of Major General Isaac Ridgeway Trimble, in Supple-ment to the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, ed.Janet Hewett,Noah Andre Trudeau, and Bryce A.Suderow (Wilmington nc: Broadfoot, 1994),part 1, 5:434 36 (Trimble s account was also published in Southern Historical SocietyPapers 26:121); and A.L.Long, Memoirs of Robert E.Lee: His Military and PersonalHistory (New York: Stoddart, 1886), 177 78.These conversations are also discussedat some length in a later chapter.25.Woodworth, Davis and Lee at War, 238.2.Opening Moves of the Campaign1.The narrative account in this chapter is based on the official record and the nu-merous excellent summaries of the Gettysburg campaign available in the secondaryliterature, most particularly Coddington s masterful campaign summary.Since mostof these matters of names, dates, and locations are not in dispute, I document onlydirect quotations, newly available source material, or interpretations thereof.2.See Coddington, Gettysburg Campaign, chaps.3 and 4; Steven E.Woodworth,Beneath a Northern Sky: A Short History of the Gettysburg Campaign (Wilmington de:Scholarly Resources, 2003), chap.1; Stephen Sears, Gettysburg (New York: HoughtonMifflin, 2003), chap.1; and Scott Bowden and Bill Ward, Last Chance for Victory: Rob-ert E.Lee and the Gettysburg Campaign (El Dorado Hills ca: Savas, 2001), chap.2.3.Coddington, Gettysburg Campaign, 38 39.4.Emory Thomas, Bold Dragoon: The Life of J.E.B.Stuart (New York: Harper andRow, 1986), 216 17.Perhaps the most detailed and colorful description of Stuart sreview is still that by Douglas Southall Freeman, Lee s Lieutenants, 3:1 5; see also BurkeDavis, Jeb Stuart: The Last Cavalier (New York: Rinehart, 1958), 302 5.Freeman sworks on Lee and his generals have recently suffered the neglect eventually accordedto all classics.Some recent authors charge him with being too pro-Lee or pro-Con-federate. One cannot doubt that Freeman greatly admired Lee, as many biographersadmire their subjects, but most scholars for a long time accepted his historical researchas meticulous and objective.Being unaware that any recent research has producedevidence to the contrary, I take his work seriously and use him as a source. notes to pages 20 27 1715.Eric Wittenberg s The Union Cavalry Comes of Age (Washington dc: Brassey s,2003) is the definitive statement of the importance of Brandy Station in this evolu-tion of the Union cavalry.He writes, The climax on Fleetwood Hill marked theend of the coming out party for the Army of the Potomac s cavalry corps.majorvictories lay ahead (311).See also Edward G
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