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.28Exchange Herald, 12 June 1821.29The author decided that two such deviations per meeting between 1793 and 1815 were justified given the exigencies of factors such as weather.30W.Vamplew (1979) ‘The sport of kings and commoners: the commercialisation of British horse racing in the nineteenth century’, in R.Cashman and M McKernan (eds) Sport in History, Queensland, New South Wales, pp.307–308.31Somewhat different conclusions were reached by Brailsford.However, his periodization was different in two significant ways.First, he split up the Napoleonic wars.Second, he included years outside the period.D.Brailsford (1982) ‘Sporting days in eighteenth century England’, IJHS, 9:3, 44, 47.Sport, Time, p.82.32M.Harrison (1988) Crowds And History: Mass Phenomena in English Towns, 1790–1835, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.44, 111, 127, 134.33See this volume, pp.7–8.34Cunningham, Industrial Revolution, p.196.Golby and Purdue, Civilization, p.166.35J.Bale (1981) ‘Cricket in Pre-Victorian England and Wales’, Area, 13:2, 122.36Ibid., p.119.37Bowen, Cricket, p.87.38E.Halladay (1990) Rowing in England: A Social History, Manchester: Manchester University Press, p.55.39Iota (1858) The Boat Racing Calendar 1835–1852, London.Bell’s Life, pref v.See also Amateur (1852) The Aquatic Oracle, London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co., pp.iii–iv.40Tranter, ‘Popular Sports’, p.23.41They can be found as follows:Aquatics: 3 Jan 1830, 8 Dec 1833, 14 Dec 1834, 20 Dec 1835, 25 Dec 1836, 2 Dec 1838, 8 Dec 1839, 22 Nov 1840, 28 Nov 1841, 25 Dec 1842, 7 Jan 1844, 5 Jan, 28 Dec 1845, 18 Jan, 27 Dec 1846, 16, 23 Jan 1848, 21, 28 Jan, 16, 23 Dec 1849.Pedestrianism: 30 Dec 1838, 12 Jan, 27 Dec 1840, 2 Jan, 25 Dec 1842, 8 Jan 1843, 7Jan 1844, 5 Jan 1845, 11 Jan 1846, 3, 10, 17 Jan 1847, 9 Jan, 31 Dec 1848, 7 Jan, 30Dec 1849, 12 Jan 1851.Pugilism: 1 Jan 1826, 30 Dec 1827, 4 Jan, 27 Dec 1829, 3 Jan 1830, 6 Jan, 29 Dec 1833, 28 Dec 1834, 31 Dec 1837, 16 Dec 1838, 29 Dec 1839, 27 Dec 1840, 2 Jan, 25Dec 1842, 7 Jan 1844, 5 Jan 1845, 4 Jan 1846, 3 Jan 1847, 2 Jan, 31 Dec 1848, 6 Jan 1850, 5 Jan 1851.Shooting: 30 Dec 1838, 12 Jan 1840, 3 Jan 1841.Steeplechasing: 17 May 1840, 7 Jan 1844, 5 Jan 1845, 18 Jan 1846, 17 Jan 1847, 2 Jan 1848, 4 Feb 1849.Trotting: 30 Dec 1838, 12 Jan 1840, 10 Jan 1841, 7 Jan 1844, 5 Jan 1845, 25 Jan 1846,30Beginnings of a Commercial Sporting Culture in Britain3 Jan 1847, 2 Jan 1848.Wrestling: 30 Dec 1838, 5 Jan 1840, 10 Jan 1841.42Annals, June 1822, 118; Oct 1824, 249; Oct 1827, 212; Bell’s, 22 Aug 1824, 28 June 1829, 15 April 1840, 1 Oct 1843, 16 Feb 1845, 29 April 1849, 14 April, 5 May 1850.Sporting Magazine, June 1817, 142; Aug 1835, 356; Jan 1817, 273.43For list of sources see this volume, p.228.44SM, April 1822, 14; detailed the expansion of horse racing in 1820 compared with 1779.45E.Bovill (1962) English Country Life 1780–1830, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.50, 62.E.Bovill (1959) The England of Nimrod and Surtees 1815–1854, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.11.46M.Ex, 29 Aug 1849.47Bell’s, 6 April 1828.48Bell’s, 28 March 1847.Holt, Sport and the British, pp.61–2.Reid, ‘Saint Monday’, 82.49Bailey, Leisure and Class, pp.12–13.Bell’s, 27 Sept 1840, 20 Nov 1842, 11 June 1843.50WMC, 28 Dec 1833.51Walton and Poole, ‘Lancashire Wakes’, 120.52B.Harrison and B.Trinder (1969) Drink and Sobriety in an Early Victorian Country Town: Banbury 1830–1860, London: EHR, p.7.M.Speak (1988) ‘Social stratification and participation in sport’, in J.Mangan (ed.) Pleasure, Profit and Proselytism: British Culture and Sport at Home and Abroad 1700–1914, London: Frank Cass, p.46.53It might be objected that as we are only dealing with the amount of stakes placed upon an event it is misleading to refer to it as a ‘commercial sporting culture’.However, it is clear that stakes were simply the most overt manifestation of this culture, for sponsors would devote resources to obtaining the best protagonist available, man or animal, in the pursuit of victory.Also, as we shall show in Chapter 7, there is substantial evidence of promoters staging events in order to glean revenue from spectators.54For instance, C.Grafton and P.Taylor (1991) Government and the Economics of Sport, London: Macmillan, pp.2, 4–5.Chapter 3Sex, Sport and Sales: The Sporting Presswhen he reads the stupid drivelling prints that degrade the English press;– when he considers who are the conductors of the prints, when he reflects on a Topham who commands The World, detailing as a matter of vast importance the vapid amusements and trivial actions of those who are really most contemptible.1As the above demonstrates, by no means everyone approved of the news coverage presented by ‘fashionable’ papers such as Topham’s The World, which included such ingredients as theatre, society gossip and sport.Despite this, the public appear to have had a substantial appetite for such ‘drivel’, especially sport.In fact, after 1792 sporting coverage effectively underwent a revolution and the creation of the national sporting culture that we identified in the previous chapter owed a great deal to such improvements in communications.While, as we shall see, it would be mistaken to imagine that before 1793the press did not notice sport, coverage was, by comparison with that of the Napoleonic wars, slight.Between 1793 and 1815 the press transformed the sporting culture, effectively rendering it national.In the years following Waterloo, especially from the 1830s, this was amplified still further with ‘weeklies’ helping to organize commercial sport
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