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.e.to ac-commanding probe which lies outside relevant phase).See §8.5 and §10.2.Phi-features/ -features: Person and number features (and, in languages which have grammatical gender,gender features as well).Phonetic representation: see Representation.Phonological features: features used to describe sound properties.For example, the difference betweennasal and oral sounds might be described in terms of the feature [±NASAL].Phrase: The term phrase is used to denote an expression larger than a word which is a maximalprojection: see Projection.In traditional grammar, the term refers strictly to non-clausal expressions(Hence, reading a book is a phrase, but He is reading a book is a clause, not a phrase).However, inmore recent work, clauses are analysed as types of phrases: e.g. He will resign is a tense phrase (TP),and That he will resign is a complementiser phrase (CP).See §3.3 and §3.4.Phrase-marker: A tree diagram used to represent the syntactic structure of a phrase or sentence.See §3.7.Phrase structure: See Constituent structure.PIC: See Phase Impenetrability Condition.Pied-Piping: A process by which a moved constituent drags one or more other constituents along with itwhen it moves.For example, if we compare a sentence like Who were you talking to? with To whomwere you talking? , we might say that in both cases the pronoun who is moved to the front of the sentence,but that in the second sentence the preposition to is pied-piped along with the pronoun who.See §6.7.PL: See Plural.Plural: A plural expression is one which denotes more than one entity (e.g.these cars is a pluralexpression, whereas this car is a singular expression).P-marker: See Phrase-marker.Polarity expression: A word or phrase (e.g.a word like ever or a phrase like at all or care a damn) whichhas an inherent affective polarity, and hence is restricted to occurring within the scope of an affective (e.g.negative, interrogative or conditional) constituent.See Affective.Positive evidence: In discussions of child language acquisition, this expression denotes evidence based onthe actual occurrence of certain types of structure in the child s speech input.For example, hearing an 327adult say Open it gives a child positive evidence that verbs are canonically positioned before theircomplements in English See §1.8.Possessive: A possessive structure is one which indicates possession: the term is most commonly used inrelation to expressions like John s book or his book (where the italicised expressions denote the personwho possesses the book).The italicised possessor in each structure is said to be genitive in case.Postposition: A type of word which is the counterpart of a preposition in languages which positionprepositions after their complements.See Adposition.Postulate: A postulate is a theoretical assumption or hypothesis; to postulate is to hypothesise.PP: See Prepositional Phrase.PPT: See Principles and Parameters Theory.Pragmatics: The study of how nonlinguistic knowledge is integrated with linguistic knowledge in our useof language.Pr: An abbreviation for the feature [present-tense].See Tense.Precede(nce): To say that one constituent precedes another is to say that it is positioned to its left (on theprinted page) and that neither constituent contains the other.Precedence is left-to-right linear ordering.Preclausal: A preclausal expression is one which is positioned in front of a clause.Predicate: See Argument, Predicative.Predicate-Internal Argument Hypothesis: The hypothesis that all the arguments of a predicate originatewithin a projection of the predicate.See §7.4.Predication: The process by which a predicate is combined with a subject in order to form aproposition.For example, in a sentence such as Boris likes vodka , the property of liking vodka is said tobe predicated of Boris.Predicative: In structures such as John is in Paris/very silly/a liar , the italicised expressions are said tobe predicative in that they predicate the property of being in Paris/being very silly/being a liar of John (i.e.they attribute the relevant property to John).A nominal like a liar when used predicatively is also referredto as a predicate nominal.Prefix: see Affix.Prenominal: A prenominal expression is one which is positioned in front of a noun expression.Forexample, both a and red are prenominal in an expression such as a red car.Preposing: an informal term to indicate a movement operation by which a constituent is moved further tothe left within a phrase or sentence
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