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.Roosevelt (1901 1909) because of 52 Lodge, Henry Cabot (1850 1924)*'the president s support for a strong 1918 congressional elections.Repub-navy.Like Roosevelt, Lodge sup- licans gained control of the Senate inported the Spanish-American War that election and Lodge became the(1898) and the acquisition of the majority leader (highest-ranking sen-Philippines as a U.S.territory.How- ator of the majority party), as well asever, Lodge was also a member of the head of the Foreign Relations Com-conservative wing of the Republican mittee.This position allowed him toParty, which led to disagreements derail Wilson s plans for entering intowith Roosevelt s progressive out- the League of Nations following thelook and policies.close of the war.OPPOSITION TO WILSON LODGE AND THE LEAGUEAs a conservative, Lodge opposed the Lodge believed that the League ofpolicies of Democratic president Nations would give foreign powersWoodrow Wilson (1913 1921).Spe- too much control over the Unitedcifically, Lodge supported high pro- States.He did not want the countrytective tariffs and wanted to keep obliged to promises that it wouldthe country on the gold standard, not or could not keep.This didwhich required the government to not mean, however, that he wantedkeep a store of gold large enough to the United States to withdraw fromcover the redemption, if necessary, international affairs.Rather, heof all U.S.money in circulation.wanted the country to be free to de-Lodge was interventionist in his cide what stances it would take, in-foreign policy views.Part of the at- stead of deferring to anothertraction of acquiring the Philippines governing body.Specifically, he didwas to involve the United States more not want the United States to bein world politics.As a major power obligated to deploy troops in con-with good moral foundations, he felt flicts where the country had nothat the United States deserved to be important economic or political in-a player on the international stage.terests at stake.When World War I broke out in Eu- To defeat the ratification of therope, Lodge strongly supported en- Treaty of Versailles, which estab-tering the war.However, he greatly lished the League of Nations, Lodgedisagreed with President Wilson s first deliberately delayed the voting.wartime policy.Wilson wanted to This gave him time to sway publicfoster peace.Lodge felt that the pres- opinion away from the treaty.By talk-ident s idealism kept him from pros- ing up the greatness of the nationalecuting the only kind of war that character, the U.S.system of govern-would be victorious: crushing Ger- ment, and the country s place in his-many, both militarily and economi- tory, Lodge was able to appeal to thecally, so it could never again threaten people s sense of patriotism to turnthe peace of Europe.them against joining the league.TheThe conflict between Wilson and United States, after all, had becomeLodge grew significantly after the an economic powerhouse without Monroe Doctrine 53*'being involved in the political prob- Nations has earned him the label oflems of Europe.It was a beacon of an isolationist.democracy.In 1920, Lodge campaigned forIn further attempts to defeat the Republican Warren G.Hardingtreaty, Lodge continued to propose (1921 1923) for president.Hardingamendments to the treaty that he later overturned many of Wilson sknew Wilson would not accept.The progressive laws.Lodge died onamendments would have weakened November 9, 1924.His personal ac-the league to the point of uselessness.count of the campaign against theUltimately, the treaty was defeated, League of Nations was published inand the United States did not join the the book The Senate and the Leagueinternational peacekeeping body that of Nations.it helped design.Ironically, despitehis conviction that the United States See also: Harding, Warren G.; Leagueshould be involved in world affairs, of Nations; Republican Party; Wilson,Lodge s stance on the League of Woodrow; World War I.M NMMonroe s annexation of FloridaManchuriaNfrom Spain in 1819 expanded theSee Japan.United States even farther.The ideaof manifest destiny a belief thatthe United States would eventuallyMonroe Doctrineexpand across North America wasFirst introduced in 1823, the Monroe flourishing.Doctrine was a policy put forth by Events near the United States andPresident James Monroe (1817 1825) around the world, however, posed awarning European powers to avoid threat to the young country.The na-involvement in the dealings and af- tion had just successfully foughtfairs of countries in the Western Great Britain in the War of 1812Hemisphere.The policy amounted to (1812 1814).France and Spain hada declaration of the isolationist lost colonies in Latin America duringstance of the United States that the Napoleonic Wars but made clearwould endure throughout the nine- their desire to reclaim them, leadingteenth century.to an uneasiness that these nationsalso would try to colonize parts of theBACKGROUND North American continent.In addi-By the early nineteenth century, the tion, Russia s czar, Alexander II (1855United States had grown significantly.1881), had publicly expressed hisThe Louisiana Purchase in 1803 interest in developing a colony onhad doubled the nation s size, and the Pacific Coast of North America. 54 Monroe Doctrine*'Protecting the Hemispheren December 2, 1823, President James Monroe gaveOhis State of the Union address to Congress.In hisspeech, he outlined a new policy toward Europe, inwhich colonization of nations in the Western Hemi-sphere would not be tolerated.His argument, whichbecame known as the Monroe Doctrine, set the stagefor an isolationist stance toward the world.In the discussions to which that side of the Atlantic
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