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.obsessive-compulsive personality disorder Cluster C (anxious or fearful)personality disorder featuring a pervasive pattern of preoccupation withorderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control at the expense offlexibility, openness, and efficiency.Causes and TreatmentThere seems to be a weak genetic contribution to this disorder (McKeon & Murray,1987; Stone, 1993).Some people may be predisposed to favor structure in their lives,but to reach the level it did in Daniel may require parental reinforcement ofconformity and neatness.We do not have much information on the successful treatment of individuals withthis disorder (McCullough & Maltsberger, 2001).Therapy often attacks the fears thatseem to underlie the need for orderliness.These individuals are often afraid that whatthey do will be inadequate, so they procrastinate and excessively ruminate aboutimportant issues and minor details alike.Therapists help the individual relax or usedistraction techniques to redirect the compulsive thoughts.Concept Check 11.4Match the following scenarios with the correct personality disorder. Durand 11-931.Lynn is afraid to be alone and seeks constant reassurance from her family andfriends.Only 1 month after her first abusive marriage ended, she jumped intoanother marriage with a man she hardly knew.She thinks that if she shows anyresolve or initiative she will be abandoned and will have to take care of herself.Lynn is self-critical and claims she is unintelligent and has no skills._______2.The therapist discovers that Tim has yet to fill out the information form,although he was given at least 15 minutes.Tim says he first had to resharpenthe pencil, clean it of debris, and then he noticed the pencil sharpener wasn tclean.The paper also wasn t properly placed on the clipboard._______3.Jeffery is especially anxious at even the thought of social interaction.Hedisregards compliments and reacts excessively to criticism, which only feedshis pervasive feelings of inadequacy.Jeffery takes everything personally,assuming that neighbors don t say hello because he is a nuisance to liveby._______SummaryAn Overview of Personality Disorders" The personality disorders represent long-standing and ingrained ways of thinking,feeling, and behaving that can cause significant distress.Because people may displaytwo or more of these maladaptive ways of interacting with the world, considerabledisagreement remains over how to categorize the personality disorders." DSM-IV-TR includes 10 personality disorders that are divided into three clusters:Cluster A ( odd or eccentric ) includes paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypalpersonality disorders; Cluster B ( dramatic, emotional, or erratic ) includes antisocial,borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders; Cluster C ( anxious or Durand 11-94fearful ) includes avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personalitydisorders.Cluster A Personality Disorders" People with paranoid personality disorder are excessively mistrustful and suspiciousof other people without justification.They tend not to confide in others and expectother people to do them harm." People with schizoid personality disorder show a pattern of detachment from socialrelationships and a limited range of emotions in interpersonal situations.They seemaloof, cold, and indifferent to other people." People with schizotypal personality disorder are typically socially isolated and behavein ways that would seem unusual to most of us.In addition, they tend to be suspiciousand have odd beliefs about the world.Cluster B Personality Disorders" People with antisocial personality disorder have a history of failing to comply withsocial norms.They perform actions most of us would find unacceptable, such asstealing from friends and family.They also tend to be irresponsible, impulsive, anddeceitful." In contrast to the DSM-IV-TR criteria for antisocial personality, which focuses almostentirely on observable behaviors (e.g., impulsively and repeatedly changingemployment, residence, or sexual partners), the related concept of psychopathyprimarily reflects underlying personality traits (e.g., self-centeredness andmanipulativeness). Durand 11-95" People with borderline personality disorder lack stability in their moods and in theirrelationships with other people, and they usually have poor self-esteem.Theseindividuals often feel empty and are at great risk of suicide." Individuals with histrionic personality disorder tend to be overly dramatic and oftenappear almost to be acting." People with narcissistic personality disorder think highly of themselves beyond theirreal abilities.They consider themselves somehow different from others and deservingof special treatment.Cluster C Personality Disorders" People with avoidant personality disorder are extremely sensitive to the opinions ofothers and therefore avoid social relationships.Their extremely low self-esteem,coupled with a fear of rejection, causes them to reject the attention others desire." Individuals with dependent personality disorder rely on others to the extent of lettingthem make everyday decisions and major ones; this results in an unreasonable fear ofbeing abandoned." People who have obsessive-compulsive personality disorder are characterized by afixation on things being done the right way. This preoccupation with detailsprevents them from completing much of anything
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